![]() The mere presence of another person can be beneficial, especially if this person provides support in a nonevaluative and nondirective manner ( Harber, Schneider, Everard, & Fisher, 2005 Kamarck, Manuck, & Jennings, 1990). The notion that social support serves to physically unburden people is well established. ![]() Social Support Reduces Physiological Load Thus, as the energetic demands of ascending hills and walking distances increase (due to a perceivers' depleted physical resources), the perception of their incline and extent is amplified. To promote energetic efficiency, perception relates spatial contexts (e.g., heights, distances, gradients) to both the physical demands these contexts present and to the perceiver's physical state. Perception therefore functions within a behavioral “economy of action” ( Proffitt, 2006). When physical resources are depleted (due to age, fatigue, etc.) hills appear steeper and distances appear greater Bhalla & Proffitt, 1999 Proffitt et al., 2003). Perception of the physical world is therefore not determined solely by the objective features of the environment as specified by perceptual and sensorimotor variables, but is also shaped by the perceiver's capacity to purposefully negotiate physical space. ![]() These physical states influence perception because they are relevant to anticipated action: A hill is harder to climb for elderly or fatigued persons, and thus appears to be steeper to them. For example, the conscious perception of hill slants and of walking distances is influenced by whether the perceiver is wearing a heavy backpack ( Proffitt, Stefanucci, Banton, & Epstein, 2003), is young or old ( Bhalla & Proffitt, 1999), is fatigued ( Proffitt, Bhalla, Gossweiler, & Midgett, 1995), or has action goals in mind ( Witt, Proffitt, & Epstein, 2004). The visual perception of the physical world is influenced by the physical demands associated with intended actions.
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